Holding Pattern Entry — Direct, Parallel, Teardrop (with Diagrams)
How to pick the right holding entry from any inbound heading. Direct, parallel and teardrop entries explained with interactive diagrams, the 70°/110° rule, step-by-step procedures and common mistakes — for ATPL, CPL and instrument-rating prep.
DME Arc Intercept and Tracking
How to intercept a DME arc cleanly, then hold it with the 10-degree heading-bug rule.
The 1-in-60 Rule
The navigator's pocket trigonometry — how many degrees you're off-track, and how many degrees to correct, from distances alone.
VOR Intercept & Reverse Sensing
How to intercept a VOR course cleanly, and why the CDI sometimes deflects the wrong way when the OBS is set to the reciprocal.
Convergency & Conversion Angle — Formula, Examples, Mercator vs Lambert
Understand meridian convergence, rhumb lines and great circles, compare Mercator and Lambert charts, and apply a short-leg conversion-angle approximation with its limits.
Magnetic variation vs deviation — three different norths
True north, magnetic north, and compass north all point to different places. Variation is the angle between the first two; deviation is the angle between the last two; and every flight-plan number is one of these three headings.

🧭

Gen Nav

ATPL General Navigation — chapter-wise question bank

11 quizzes available

Gen Nav Concepts

Holding Pattern Entry — Direct, Parallel, Teardrop (with Diagrams)
How to pick the right holding entry from any inbound heading. Direct, parallel and teardrop entries explained with interactive diagrams, the 70°/110° rule, step-by-step procedures and common mistakes — for ATPL, CPL and instrument-rating prep.
DME Arc Intercept and Tracking
How to intercept a DME arc cleanly, then hold it with the 10-degree heading-bug rule.
The 1-in-60 Rule
The navigator's pocket trigonometry — how many degrees you're off-track, and how many degrees to correct, from distances alone.
VOR Intercept & Reverse Sensing
How to intercept a VOR course cleanly, and why the CDI sometimes deflects the wrong way when the OBS is set to the reciprocal.
Convergency & Conversion Angle — Formula, Examples, Mercator vs Lambert
Understand meridian convergence, rhumb lines and great circles, compare Mercator and Lambert charts, and apply a short-leg conversion-angle approximation with its limits.
Magnetic variation vs deviation — three different norths
True north, magnetic north, and compass north all point to different places. Variation is the angle between the first two; deviation is the angle between the last two; and every flight-plan number is one of these three headings.